Optimization of Farmyard Manure to Substitute Mineral Fertilizer for Sustainable Productivity and Higher Carbon Sequestration Potential and Profitability under Gardenpea-French Bean Cropping System in the Indian Himalayas

Carbon sequestration potential (CSP) and sustainability of gardenpea-french bean cropping system was assessed with farmyard manure (FYM) application vis-à-vis mineral fertilization as recommended NPK (NPK) and integrated nutrient management practices (INM) after six years’ cropping in Indian Himalayas. Application of 20 tons FYM ha^?1 provided highest CSP (0.527 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1) in soil and sustainability index. With the help of quadratic equations, it was estimated that maximum profit (optimum yield) and turn over of invested money could be achieved with application of 20.0 and 15.6 t FYM ha^?1, respectively. Application of 5.9 and 8.9 tons FYM ha^?1 would substitute NPK and INM, respectively. Pod number plant^?1 was the most important yield-contributing attribute as found from principal component analysis. Pod yield could be modelled through multiple linear equation with help of yield attributes.     

长城沿线农牧交错带生态环境恢复重建SD模型研究

应用系统动力学理论研究建立了长城沿线农牧交错带生态环境恢复与重建SD模型 ,并应用该模型对该区强化治理型、协调发展型和传统经营型 3种典型治理模式进行仿真研究结果表明 ,强化治理模式为农牧交错带生态环境治理最佳模式 ,可使农林牧协调持续发展 ,土壤侵蚀量减少 76 .1% ,生态环境趋向良性循环。     

植物物候模型研究

植物物候模型是基于植物对环境因子的响应机理而建立的可模拟植物生长发育的数学方程。本文介绍了树木物候模型和作物物候模型,根据对植物休眠解除过程的不同理解,树木物候模型主要有7种不同的类型;根据作物发育规律而建立的作物物候模型也大体相同。同时,还阐述和探讨了研究植物物候模型的意义、研究中存在的问题及其发展趋势。     

How peri-urban areas can strengthen animal populations within cities: A modeling approach

We explore the extent to which inner-city fauna can be enhanced by source areas in peri-urban zones as a response to a decreasing quality and size of green habitats within cities. The objectives were to get a better understanding of the interaction between animal populations of urban and peri-urban areas, and the role of urban green structures within this relationship, and to find out the extent to which peri-urban areas can contribute to urban animal populations. We illustrate the idea of peri-urban support by using a simulation model for individual animal movement, applied in a particular case-study with butterflies as model species. Results show differences in accessibility of inner-city areas between model butterfly species that differ in mobility. The impact of peri-urban individuals on populations of inner-city habitats differed among several peri-urban source-scenarios: the enlargement of the inner-city butterfly population by peri-urban individuals was determined as 7-36% for ‘moderate dispersers’ and 19-56% for ‘good dispersers’. Results also show that well-connected habitat patches within existing urban green structures were more likely to be visited by peri-urban individuals than isolated habitat patches. We conclude that peri-urban nature areas, if large enough, can have a potentially positive influence on the presence of fauna in inner-city neighborhoods. In addition, results suggest that connectivity between inner-city and peri-urban habitat patches enhances contribution of peri-urban migrants to inner-city populations. By providing a range of different habitats, from inner-city up to peri-urban area, moderately mobile habitat specialists could better compete against the small set of successful habitat generalists that are increasing in urban environments all over the world.     

土壤持水曲线van Genuchten模型求参的Matlab实现

土壤持水曲线是研究土壤水力学性质必不可少的 ,在已经建立的众多数学模型中 ,vanGenuchten模型是目前运用最广泛的模型 ,而运用该模型的关键是其 4个参数的求解。为此 ,本文对同一组东北褐土的土壤水吸力和对应的土壤含水量数据较详细地介绍了Matlab软件的非线性拟合和非线性回归函数的运用 ,得出了该土壤vanGenuchten模型的 4个参数值 ,分别建立了该土壤的vanGenuchten模型 ,并利用Mat lab强大的绘图功能对它们进行了直观比较。最后运用方差分析和残差分析对该模型的计算值与实测数据进行了分析 ,结果表明 :非线性拟合和非线性回归函数求参结果的显著水平均达到p<0 0 0 0 1,残差平方和均小于 0 0 0 0 5 ,其中非线性回归函数的求参结果较非线性拟合好。因此 ,运用Matlab软件的非线性拟合和非线性回归函数对土壤持水曲线的vanGenuchten模型进行求参是切实可行的 ,从而为土壤学工作者寻求出了一条运用数值计算方法的新途径。     

陕北"一户一田"和"一组一田"耕地细碎化整治模式与绩效评价

耕地细碎化是当前制约中国农业现代化发展的重要因素,如何解决耕地细碎化问题已经成为推动小农户和现代农业有机衔接的必然路径。该研究基于实地农户调研数据和半结构访谈内容,对陕北榆林市榆阳区首创的"一户一田"和"一组一田"2种耕地细碎化整治模式进行系统剖析,并采用双重差分(Difference-in-difference, DID)模型定量分析2种模式的绩效差异。研究发现:1)"一户一田"模式是农民自发的产权重组和分散流转,并与政府支持的土地整治项目叠加与综合;"一组一田"模式是一种"以家庭承包经营为基础、统分收放自如的双层经营体制"创新模式,也是产权改革、统分流转、土地整治与统分经营管理的有机结合。2)"一户一田"和"一组一田"两种模式均能有效解决耕地细碎化问题,显著增加耕地面积,实施后耕地面积增加率分别为6.02%和57.58%;同时也使得农业机械化水平有所提高,显著提升农业生产效率与作物产量,作物产量增加率分别为12.54%和19.87%,"一组一田"提升更为明显。3)2种模式均有利于提高农户收入,"一户一田"主要是通过增加农业种植收入来提高总收入;"一组一田"对农户收入提升更加显著,除增加农业收入外,也通过产业转型增加了务工收入。与"一户一田"模式相比,"一组一田"模式更能够促进集中连片、规模扩大、设施完善、经营现代化的高标准农田建设。为解决耕地细碎化问题,应加强政策引导和支持,挖掘村内能人价值,明晰合作社、分社和农民的责、权、利关系等,促进小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接。     

蛋鸡福利化养殖模式及技术装备研究进展

自1999年欧洲福利法提出全面禁止传统笼养以来,世界各国开展了很多蛋鸡福利化养殖系统的研究,以保障蛋鸡福利,取得了很多方面的改进。然而,在世界上的主要蛋品生产国家中,福利化养殖设施所占蛋鸡养殖模式的比例仍然较低。随着人们对动物福利的重视和行业的可持续发展要求的提高,开发新型养殖设施的呼声日益高涨。根据国内养殖业建筑现状以及现代高产品种抗病力差的特点,发展福利化养殖装备提高蛋鸡鸡体本身的健康和福利,减少因药物使用带来的负面影响,中国开发福利化蛋鸡养殖设施以提高鸡体健康和福利以抵抗疾病,减少用药;同时促进舍内环境良好,创造适应现代鸡群的生存条件显得至关重要。该文通过概述世界现存的几种替代传统笼养的福利化养殖模式及装备,比较它们各自的特点以及它们在蛋鸡福利、生产性能及蛋品质、社会经济环境对它们产生的不同影响等方面的差异。提出并分析了不同养殖系统存在的主要问题。通过总结国外蛋鸡福利化养殖设施的优缺点,为国内蛋鸡福利化系统的开发提供参考。在改善行为福利的同时,还需要结合传统笼养鸡体与粪便分离、动物健康状况好、投资较低的优点,改变现有的福利化养殖装备系统设计。另外,该文展望了福利化养殖设施的发展方向,并提出了发展福利化养殖设施的新思路。     

A biologically-consistent stand growth model for loblolly pine in the Piedmont physiographic region, USA

A theory-influenced dynamical stand growth model formulation described well the behavior of thinned and unthinned loblolly pine plantations. A simplification containing few free parameters performed as well as a fully parametrized version. It seems particularly well suited to situations where available data is scarce. The stand model can be interfaced to additional climate, nutrition and carbon cycling modules for studying the effects of a changing environment.     

樟子松人工林生物量模型的研究

以不同年龄、不同密度的樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)人工林为研究对象,基于8块标准地40株标准木的树干解析、枝解析的生物量数据,通过比较分析,研究不同大小树木因子(胸径、树高、冠幅等)与单木各分量(树干、枝、叶)生物量之间的关系,应用统计分析软件建立樟子松单木各部分生物量的回归模...     

东北过伐林区主要森林类型林分蓄积量生长模型

以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场的主要森林类型为对象,基于小班调查数据,利用R ichards、Logistic、单分子、Gompertz和Korf 5种理论生长方程,建立了林分蓄积量生长模型,采用模型拟合统计量、误差及残差分布对模型进行评价和检验。结果表明:白桦林、人工混交林、天然针阔混交林用R ichards模型最好,人工落叶松林、阔叶混交林、天然针叶混交林用Logistic模型最好。研究结果为该地区森林生长预测和经营优化提供了参考和依据。